Phaeohyphomycosis: A study from tertiary health care center in North India

Objectives: Phaeohyphomycosis refers to infections caused by phaeoid/dematiaceous or darkly pigmented fungi. This study was undertaken to further increase our knowledge about the incidence of phaeohyphomycosis and its causative agents. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted over a period of one and a half years (January 2018–June 2019) on specimens received from patients with varied clinical manifestations ranging from superficial infections, subcutaneous cysts, pneumonia, brain abscess to a disseminated infection. These specimens were processed in the Department of Microbiology for potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination and culture and in Pathology for cytology/histopathological examination (HPE). All specimens positive on direct examination for dark grey, brown or black fungi were included in the study. Results: A total of 20 specimens were confirmed as phaeohyphomycosis. Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 41 to 50 years. Male: Female ratio was 2.3:1. Trauma was the most common risk factor. Spectra of the isolated fungal pathogens comprised of Bipolaris species, Exophiala species, Curvularia geniculata, Phialemonium species, Daldinia eschscholtzii, Hypoxylon anthochroum, Phaeoacremonium species, Leptosphaerulina australis, Medicopsis romeroi, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Eutypella species, Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria species, Cladophialophora bantiana and 2 unidentified dematiaceous fungi. Recovery from phaeohyphomycosis was seen in 12 patients, 7 were lost to follow up and one patient succumbed to the illness. Conclusion: Infections caused by phaeoid fungi can no longer be viewed as rare. In fact, phaeohyphomycosis can have myriad of presentations spanning from mild cutaneous infections to fatal brain disease. Therefore, a high index of clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose such infections. The primary treatment modality remains surgical removal of the lesion in cutaneous or subcutaneous infections however disseminated disease with a guarded prognosis requires aggressive management.

Granulomatous tracheitis and dermatitis due to Curvularia sp. in a horse: case report / [Traqueíte e dermatite granulomatosas associadas a Curvularia sp. em um equino: relato de caso]

Tracheal fungal infections in horses are rare. This case report describes surgical and clinical management of a filly with a Curvularia sp. infection within the trachea and skin that caused severe intraluminal granulomas and cutaneous nodules, respectively. The patient was successfully treated with itraconazole and surgical excision.(AU)

Infecções fúngicas traqueais em equinos são raras. Este relato de caso descreve condutas clínicas e cirúrgicas em uma égua com infecção por Curvularia sp. na traqueia e na pele, causando granulomas intraluminais severos e nódulos cutâneos, respectivamente. O animal foi tratado com sucesso com itraconazol e exérese cirúrgica.(AU)

Absceso frío en una mano por un hongo dematiáceo. Primera comunicación en Chile de Pleurostomophora richardsiae / Hand cold abscess by a dematiaceous fungus. First report in Chile of Pleurostomophora richardsiae

Resumen Los hongos dematiáceos son un grupo heterogéneo de microorganismos capaces de sintetizar melanina. Las infecciones de este grupo que producen hifas en tejidos se denominan feohifomicosis y generalmente afectan la piel y tejidos vecinos. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 86 años con un tumor quístico blando progresivo en su mano y muñeca derecha, no asociado a dolor o signos inflamatorios. Se demostró una tenosinovitis de los flexores con pseudocapsula y sinovitis adherida a los tendones. El cultivo demostró un hongo dematiáceo compatible con Pleurostomophora richardsiae que se confirmó por secuenciación de la región ITS. La biopsia mostró una inflamación crónica granulomatosa e hifas. Después del drenaje quirúrgico, el paciente fue dado de alta sin terapia antifúngica, pero falleció por causas no relacionadas, tres meses después. Esta es la primera descripción de P. richardsiae como causa de feohifomicosis en Chile. Esta patología se puede sospechar cuando una lesión quística cutánea crónica involucra extremidades sin signos inflamatorios. Puede afectar a pacientes inmunocompetentes o inmunocomprometidos. El tratamiento contempla la escisión quirúrgica con o sin terapia antifúngica.

Abstract Dematiaceous fungi are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms able to synthesize melanin. Infections by this group that provoke tissular hyphae are called phaeohyphomycosis and usually involve skin and neighbor tissues. We present the case of a 86 years old men with a progressive soft cystic tumor in his right hand and wrist not associated to pain or inflammatory signs. A surgical intervention demonstrated flexor tenosynovitis with serous secretion, pseudocapsule and synovitis. Fungal culture demonstrated a dematiaceous fungi compatible with Pleurostomophora richardsiae that was confirmed by sequencing of the ITS region. Biopsy showed chronic inflammation with granuloma and hyphae. After surgical drainage, the patient was discharged without antifungal therapy but died of unrelated causes three month later. This is the first description of P. richardsiae as a cause of phaeohyphomycosis in Chile, a country with a template climate. Phaeohyphomycosis can be suspected when a chronic skin cystic lesion involves extremities without inflammatory signs, sometimes with an associated fistula. It may affect immunocompetent or immunosuppressed patients. Treatment involves surgical excision with or without antifungal therapy and prognosis is favorable.

Feohifomicosis por Exserohilum rostratum en un paciente pediátrico con leucemia linfoblástica aguda postransplante de médula ósea / Phaeohyphomycosis by Exserohilum rostratum in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after bone marrow transplantation

Resumen El género Exserohilum corresponde a hongos dematiáceos, la mayoría fitopatógenos, saprobios, de los cuales solo tres especies serían patógenas para el hombre: Exserohilum rostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum y Exserohilum mcginnisii. Se han reportado infecciones localizadas y sistémicas causadas por estos agentes, tanto en pacientes inmunocompetentes como inmunosuprimidos. Se presenta un caso de infección cutánea por E. rostratum en un paciente pediátrico con inmunocompromiso.

Abstract The genus Exserohilum consists of dematiaceous or darkly pigmented fungi. Most of the species included in this genus are phytopathogens, saprobes and only three of these species would be pathogenic to humans: Exserohilum rostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum and Exserohilum mcginnisii. Localized and systemic infections have been reported both in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. A clinical case of cutaneous infection by E. rostratum in an immunocompromised pediatric patient is presented in this study.

Absceso cerebral por Cladophialophora bantiana en un paciente con trasplante renal: reporte de un caso / Brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana after renal allograft loss: A case report

Resumen Las feohifomicosis cerebrales son infecciones graves causadas por mohos dematiáceos, entre los cuales Cladophialophora bantiana es una de las especies más comúnmente aislada. Esta tiene tropismo por el sistema nervioso central y frecuentemente produce abscesos cerebrales en pacientes inmunocompetentes; además, en los inmunocomprometidos también puede ocasionar infección diseminada. Pese a la disponibilidad de medicamentos antifúngicos de amplio espectro, a menudo se requiere también la intervención quirúrgica; de todas maneras, la mortalidad es elevada. El diagnóstico debe hacerse interviniendo para tomar la muestra y hacer el cultivo y las pruebas de sensibilidad. Se presenta aquí el caso de un paciente con trasplante renal que presentó un absceso cerebral por C. bantiana, el cual se extrajo mediante resección quirúrgica. El paciente recibió tratamiento con voriconazol, con adecuada respuesta, mejoría y sin secuelas neurológicas.

Abstract Cerebral feohifomycosis are severe infections caused by dematiaceous fungi. Cladophialophora bantiana is one of the most commonly isolated species; it has central nervous system tropism and it often manifests as a brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. In immunocompromised patients, it can lead to brain abscesses and disseminated infections. Despite the availability of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs, it is a must to perform surgical management, in addition to drug therapy. However, mortality is high. The diagnostic approach must be invasive to establish a timely diagnosis and direct treatment based on culture and susceptibility tests. We report a case of brain abscess caused by C. bantiana in an immunosuppressed patient who was treated with surgical resection and voriconazole with an adequate response to therapy and without neurological sequels.

Curso clínico de micosis producidas por Exophiala xenobiotica en paciente trasplantado renal en el Hospital Universitario de Burgos / Clinical course of micosis produced by exophiala xenobiotica in renal transplanted patient at the University Hospital of Burgos

Resumen Las micosis por Exophiala xenobiotica comprenden un amplio espectro clínico en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, desde infecciones localizadas, hasta diseminadas. Son incluidas como etiología de las feohifomicosis, actualmente consideradas como infecciones fúngicas emergentes en pacientes trasplantados de órgano sólido. Presentamos 2 casos de micosis por Eexophiala xenobiotica en paciente trasplantado renal, una micosis cutánea localizada y una infección sistémica con afectación del sistema nervioso central.

Abstract Mycosis by exophiala xenobiotica comprise a broad clinical spectrum in immunosuppressed patients, from localized to disseminated infections. They are a recognized etiology of phaeohyphomycosis, currently considered as emerging fungal infections in transplanted solid organ recipients. We present 2 cases of mycosis by exophiala xenobiotica in kidney transplant recipients, a localized cutaneous mycosis and a systemic infection with central nervous system involvement.

Study of tissue inflammatory response in different mice strains infected by dematiaceous fungi Fonsecaea pedrosoi

Abstract: Background: Diseases caused by melanized fungi include mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. This broad clinical spectrum depends on the dynamic interactions between etiologic agent and host. The immune status of the host influences on the development of the disease, as, an exemple. phaeohyphomicosis is more frequently observed in immunocompromised patients. Objectives: Examine the histological inflammatory response induced by Fonsecaea pedrosoi in several different strains of mice (BALB/c, C57BL/6, Nude and SCID, and reconstituted Nude). Methods: Fonsecaea pedrosoi was cultivated on agar gel and a fragment of this gel was implanted subcutaneously in the abdominal region of female adult mice. After infection has been obtained, tissue fragment was studied histopathologically. Results: There were significant changes across the strains, with the nodular lesion more persistent in Nude and SCID mice, whereas in immunocompetent mice the lesion progressed to ulceration and healing. The histopathological analysis showed a significant acute inflammatory reaction which consisted mainly of neutrophils in the initial phase that was subsequently followed by a tuberculoid type granuloma in immunocompetent mice. Study limitations: There is no a suitable animal model for chromoblastomycosis. Conclusions: The neutrophilic infiltration had an important role in the containment of infection to prevent fungal spreading, including in immunodeficient mice. The fungal elimination was dependent on T lymphocytes. The re-exposure of C57BL/6 mice to Fonsecaea pedrosoi caused a delay in resolving the infection, and appearance of muriform cells, which may indicate that re-exposure to fungi, might lead to chronicity of infection.

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to cladophialophora bantiana: a first case report in an immunocompetent patient in Latin America and a brief literature review

Abstract We report a rare case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in an immunocompetent patient in Amazonas, Brazil. This dematiaceous fungus has been mainly associated with life-threatening infections affecting the central nervous systems of immunosuppressed patients. We present the clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic aspects, and in vitro susceptibility test results for different antifungal drugs. A brief review of the cases reported in the literature over the past 20 years has also been discussed. According to the literature review, the present case is the first report of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to C. bantiana in an immunocompetent patient in Latin America.

Unusual Presentation of Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis by Alternaria alternate

The Alternaria species are dematiaceous fungi. Human infection due to dematiaceous fungi is uncommon. Most reported cases of alternariosis have occurred in patients with immunodeficiency. The majority of cases were solid-organ transplantation recipients. Cutaneous alternariosis lesions are usually asymptomatic solitary nodules, plaques of ulcers or subcutaneous cysts. Here we report a case of a 77-year-old female who presented with hemorrhagic skin necrosis in right arm that had developed from hemorrhagic bullae. Her prior medical history included iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, hypertension, interstitial lung disease and congestive heart failure. Following administration of itraconazole, her lesions improved.

A Case of Subcutaneous and Intranasal Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Microsphaeropsis arundinis in an Immunocompromised Patient Misdiagnosed with Mucormycosis

Microsphaeropsis arundinis is a dematiaceous fungus capable of causing soft tissue infections known as phaeohyphomycosis, mostly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections arise from the traumatic inoculation of fungal materials into the subcutis, and can spread to adjacent subcutaneous tissues or via the lymphatics in a sporotrichoid manner. A 76-year-old man presented with diffuse erythematous plaques and swelling on both forearms and dorsal hands, and rhinalgia. He had been undergoing treatment for hypertension, angina pectoris, and diabetes. Histopathologic examinations of the skin, painful nasal septum, and molecular identification using internal transcribed spacer regions confirmed a diagnosis of subcutaneous and intranasal phaeohyphomycosis caused by M. arundinis. The patient was treated with oral itraconazole for over 5 months, and no recurrence was observed until the time of writing this manuscript. We report a rare case of subcutaneous and intranasal phaeohyphomycosis caused by M. arundinis and propose that confirmation of the causative strains is necessary, as it could affect the prognosis and treatment of the disease.

Subcutaneous infection by Graphium basitruncatum in a heart transplant patient

ABSTRACT Graphium basitruncatum, a synanamorph of Pseudoallescheria has been rarely reported in human infections. We report a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by this fungus in a heart transplant recipient. We also describe the phenotypic, molecular methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) used to achieve isolate identification.

Reflectance confocal microscopy of tinea nigra: comparing images with dermoscopy and mycological examination results

Abstract: Tinea nigra is a superficial mycosis whose diagnosis is confirmed by isolating the infectious agent Hortae werneckii through mycological examinations. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy, initially used in melanocytic dermatosis, has been used with skin infectious diseases to identify the parasite at the cellular level. We report, for the first time in the scientific literature, the use of reflectance confocal microscopy in a case of tinea nigra and compare its findings to dermoscopy and mycological examination results.

White piedra, black piedra, tinea versicolor, and tinea nigra: contribution to the diagnosis of superficial mycosis

Abstract Superficial mycoses are fungal infections restricted to the stratum corneum and to the hair shafts, with no penetration in the epidermis; they are: white piedra, black piedra, tinea versicolor, and tinea nigra. This study presents images of mycological tests performed in the laboratory, as well as exams performed at the authors office, in order to improve the dermatologist's knowledge about the diagnosis of these dermatoses, which are common in many countries.

Oral phaeohyphomycosis in a patient with squamocellular carcinoma of the lip: second case report

Abstract This communication reports the second known case of oral phaeohyphomycosis in a patient with squamocellular carcinoma of the lip. The patient, an 82-year-old black woman, a former smoker (for more than 30 years), suffering from an ulcerous vegetative lesion in the middle third of the lower lip for approximately 12 months. The result of the histopathological analysis indicated carcinoma, with well-differentiated keratinized squamous cells and the presence of septate mycelial filaments. In the direct mycological examination, thick and dematiaceous septate mycelial filaments were observed. After the resection surgery, the patient did not need to use an antifungal drug to treat the phaeohyphomycosis, and no follow-up radiotherapy was needed to treat the squamocellular carcinoma. We stress that the presence of the squamocellular lesion of the lip was a possible contributing factor to the infection.

Feohifomicosis nasal por Curvularia spicifera en un paciente pediátrico con neutropenia y leucemia mieloide aguda / Nasal phaeohyphomycosis by Curvularia spicifera in pediatric patient with neutropenia and acute myeloid leukemia

There are very few reports of pediatric patients with infections by dematiaceous filamentous fungi. In this publication we report a case of invasive fungal infection of the nasal septum by Curvularia spicifera in a pediatric patient with acute myeloid leukemia. The patient presented with a painful scabby wound in the nasal vestibule. Culture and universal PCR were consistent with Curvularia spicifera. Early management with surgical debridement and bi-associated antifungal therapy achieved complete resolution of the lesions, with no evidence of dissemination and relapses. Clinical management of these fungal infections represents a challenge as the antifungal selection and duration of therapy is not yet well stablished.

Existen pocos reportes de infecciones por hongos dematiáceos en pediatría. Comunicamos el caso de una infección fúngica invasora del tabique nasal en un niño con una leucemia mieloide aguda, que se presentó como una lesión costrosa dolorosa en el vestíbulo nasal. Se realizó desbridamiento quirúrgico precoz y recibió tratamiento antifúngico biasociado, lográndose resolución completa de las lesiones, sin diseminación ni recaídas. El cultivo y la RPC universal fueron compatibles con Curvularia spicifera. El manejo de estas infecciones fúngicas representa un desafío, considerando que la elección del agente antifúngico y la duración de la terapia no están completamente establecidas.

Tratamento cirúrgico e seguimento a longo prazo das micoses subcutâneas causadas por fungos demáceos: cromoblastomicose, feoifomicose e eumicetoma / Surgical treatment and long-term follow-up of subcutaneous mycoses caused by dematiaceous fungi: chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and eumicetoma

Introdução: As micoses subcutâneas provocadas por fungos demáceos (MSCFD)são classificadas conforme sua apresentação no tecido: cromoblastomicose com presença de corpúsculos fumagoides, feoifomicose com hifas septadas demáceas e eumicetoma com grãos compostos por hifas septadas demáceas. Diversos tratamentos são propostos, entre eles a exérese cirúrgica. O tratamento cirúrgico é mais indicado nos casos em que há infecção localizada e passível de exérese, com bons resultados terapêuticos e baixa taxa de recidiva. Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência de um serviço dermatológico no tratamento cirúrgico dos casos de MSCFD, discutindo as abordagens cirúrgicas e seus resultados. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com análise descritiva dos casos atendidos no período de abril de 2014 a dezembro de 2016 em clínica dermatológica da cidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídos todos os casos com diagnóstico de MSCFD que foram submetidos à terapêutica cirúrgica com exérese total da lesão. Resultados: Foram totalizados sete casos: dois de eumicetoma, um de cromoblastomicose e quatro de feoifomicose. De todos os casos apenas um não foi abordado em regime de centro cirúrgico ambulatorial. Todos evoluíram sem sequelas e sem recidivas no seguimento clínico. Conclusões: A remoção da lesão cutânea é um boa opção terapêutica nos casos de MSCFD em que o procedimento cirúrgico for viável.

Introduction: Subcutaneous mycoses caused by dematiaceous fungi are classified according to their characteristics in the tissue: chromoblastomycosis (with the presence of fumagoid corpuscles), phaeohyphomycosis (with dematiaceous septate hyphae) and eumicetoma (with grains composed of septate hyphae). Several treatments are proposed, among them, surgical excision. Surgical treatment is more indicated in cases where there is localized infection and where excision is possible, yielding good therapeutic outcomes and low recurrence rates. Objective: To describe the experience of a dermatological service in the surgical treatment of subcutaneous mycosis cases caused by dematiaceous fungi, discussing the surgical approach and its results. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out with the descriptive analysis of cases treated from April 2014 to December 2016, at a dermatological clinic in the Brazilian Southeast city of São Paulo. All cases diagnosed with subcutaneous mycoses caused by dematiaceous fungi were included and surgically treated with total exeresis of the lesion. Results: A total of 7 cases were analyzed ­ 2 eumicetomas, 1 chromoblastomycosis and 4 phaeohyphomycoses. Only one on the cases was not treated at an ambulatory surgical center. All cases progressed without sequelae or recurrences during the clinical follow-up. Conclusions: When surgical treatment is possible, the exeresis of the lesion is a good therapeutic option in cases of subcutaneous mycoses caused by dematiaceous fungi.

Establishment of an athymic BALB/c mouse model with chronic infection due to Phialophora verrucosa / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To establish an athymic (nu/nu)BALB/c mouse model with chronic subcutaneous infection due to Phialophora verrucosa (P.verrucosa),and to explore the role of T lymphocytes in defensing against invasive infection due to P.verrucosa.Methods Six immunocompetent BALB/c mice and 6 nu/nu BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 100 μl of P.verrucosa hyphae suspensions at a concentration of 5.0 × 108 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml into one footpad,while another 6 immunocompetent BALB/c mice and 6 nu/nu BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 100 μl of 5.0 × 108 CFU/ml P.verrucosa conidium suspensions into one footpad.The degree of footpad swelling was measured with a vernier caliper every 3 days.Histopathological characteristics of infected footpads were further analyzed.Biopsy tissues were also subjected to fungal culture to analyze the growth of P.verrucosa in infection foci in mice.Results After the treatment with hyphae or conidium suspensions,the BALB/c mice experienced transient footpad swelling within 12 days,and basically recovered after 50 days.However,the nu/nu BALB/c mice experienced persistent footpad swelling with recurrent ulceration and crusting.As pathological examination revealed,all the inoculation loci in BALB/c mice experienced local infection,and the morphology of P.verrucosa in the infected foci was not changed over time.However,invasive infections due to P.verrucosa hyphae alone or a mixture of P.verrucosa hyphae and sclerotic cells were observed in all the inoculation loci in nu/nu BALB/c mice.The fungal culture showed that P.verrucosa could not grow in the footpads of BALB/c mice after 21 days,while P.verrucosa could persistently grow in the footpads of nu/nu BALB/c mice.Conclusion An experimental model with subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to P.verrucosa has been successfully established by using nu/nu BALB/c mice,and the nu/nu BALB/c mice are more susceptible to P.verrucosa infection compared with the immunocompetent BALB/c mice.

A Case of Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Exophiala oligosperma Showing Multiple Cysts / 대한피부과학회지

Exophiala species are dark pigmented fungi associated with phaeohyphomycosis that exhibit yeast-like or hyphal forms of the fungus in superficial subcutaneous locations or systemic disease. The incidence of subcutaneous tissue infection of Exophiala species has recently increased, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. In Korea, E. jeanselmei, E. dermatitidis, and E. salmonis were isolated from patients with phaeohyphomycosis. However, there have been no case reports of phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. oligosperma. Here we report the first case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by E. oligosperma in Korea. An 82-year-old female with competent immune function presented with multiple subcutaneous masses on the dorsum of the left hand and wrist. A histopathological examination of the skin specimen revealed granulomatous inflammation with fungal hyphae and yeast. Molecular identification was performed using internal transcribed spacer sequences analysis. The sequence showed 100% identity with the E. oligosperma strains. She was treated with oral itraconazole and showed improvement.

Establishment of an athymic BALB/c mouse model with chronic infection due to Phialophora verrucosa / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To establish an athymic (nu/nu)BALB/c mouse model with chronic subcutaneous infection due to Phialophora verrucosa (P.verrucosa),and to explore the role of T lymphocytes in defensing against invasive infection due to P.verrucosa.Methods Six immunocompetent BALB/c mice and 6 nu/nu BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 100 μl of P.verrucosa hyphae suspensions at a concentration of 5.0 × 108 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml into one footpad,while another 6 immunocompetent BALB/c mice and 6 nu/nu BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 100 μl of 5.0 × 108 CFU/ml P.verrucosa conidium suspensions into one footpad.The degree of footpad swelling was measured with a vernier caliper every 3 days.Histopathological characteristics of infected footpads were further analyzed.Biopsy tissues were also subjected to fungal culture to analyze the growth of P.verrucosa in infection foci in mice.Results After the treatment with hyphae or conidium suspensions,the BALB/c mice experienced transient footpad swelling within 12 days,and basically recovered after 50 days.However,the nu/nu BALB/c mice experienced persistent footpad swelling with recurrent ulceration and crusting.As pathological examination revealed,all the inoculation loci in BALB/c mice experienced local infection,and the morphology of P.verrucosa in the infected foci was not changed over time.However,invasive infections due to P.verrucosa hyphae alone or a mixture of P.verrucosa hyphae and sclerotic cells were observed in all the inoculation loci in nu/nu BALB/c mice.The fungal culture showed that P.verrucosa could not grow in the footpads of BALB/c mice after 21 days,while P.verrucosa could persistently grow in the footpads of nu/nu BALB/c mice.Conclusion An experimental model with subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to P.verrucosa has been successfully established by using nu/nu BALB/c mice,and the nu/nu BALB/c mice are more susceptible to P.verrucosa infection compared with the immunocompetent BALB/c mice.

A Clinical and Etiological Analysis of Subcutaneous Mycoses / 대한의진균학회지

BACKGROUND: There have been many studies about sporotrichosis in Korean dermatological literature. However, a few studies have reported on subcutaneous mycoses other than sporotrichosis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and etiological aspects of subcutaneous mycoses. METHODS: In the 20-year-period 1996-2015, we reviewed seventeen patients with subcutaneous mycoses with in regards to the age, gender, occupation, trauma history and associated diseases. The patients with subcutaneous mycoses were further evaluated concerning the clinical manifestations, histopathology, culture of organisms and treatment. RESULTS: Age of the subcutaneous mycosis was most prevalent in the sixties (35.2%). The male-tofemale ratio was 1:1.8. Most patients were farmers (52.8%), although preceding trauma was noted in seven patients (41.2%). The most common skin lesion was erythematous plaque (58.7%), followed by abscess, ulcer, papule and nodule. The most frequently involved area was upper extremities (58.8%), followed by face, and lower extremities. Hyalohyphomycosis was the most common infection in 6 cases (35.2%), followed by sporotrichosis (5 cases, 29.4%), chromoblastomycosis (4 cases, 23.5%), phaeohyphomycosis (2 cases, 11.8%). Sporothrix species was the most common etiological agent (29.4%), followed by Fonsecaea (23.5%), Scedosporium (17.6%), Exophiala (11.8%), Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Cephalotheca (5.9%), respectively. Most patients responded well to therapy. CONCLUSION: Because of the increase in subcutaneous mycoses other than sporotrichosis, there is a the need for careful mycological examination in patients with subcutaneous mycoses.